{"id":891,"date":"2012-05-30T00:21:18","date_gmt":"2012-05-29T23:21:18","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.sfbmec.fr\/?p=891"},"modified":"2016-12-12T00:58:23","modified_gmt":"2016-12-12T00:58:23","slug":"ladislas-robert","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.sfbmec.fr\/?p=891","title":{"rendered":"Ladislas Robert"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"http:\/\/www.dailymotion.com\/embed\/video\/xqd339\" width=\"560\" height=\"315\" frameborder=\"0\"><\/iframe><br \/>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/www.dailymotion.com\/video\/xqd339_ladislas-robert_tech\" target=\"_blank\">Ladislas Robert<\/a> <em>by <a href=\"http:\/\/www.dailymotion.com\/SINGER-POLIGNAC\" target=\"_blank\">SINGER-POLIGNAC<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n<p><strong>Connective Tissues, phylogenetic considerations, origin of its concept, its progression from anatomy to cell and molecular biology<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Ladislas Robert<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>The \u00ab tissue \u00bb concept was among the first important generalization &#8211; a metaphor \u2013 in medical-scientific literature. Metaphors always plaid an important role in the progress of Biology as stated by Evelyn Fox-Keller, epistemologist of Sciences at MIT [1]. It appears in the French medical literature, at least during the XVIII<sup>th\u00a0<\/sup>Century, as for intance in the tretease on chronic diseases by the Bordeu-s, a family of outsanding physicians in the Bearn Country, the south-west of France [2]. The Tissue concept found its full blown expansion in Medicine with the work of Xavier Bichat (1771-1802), used however before him, by the last attending physician of Queen Marie Antoinette, Felix Vicq d\u2019Azyr (1748-1794)[3]. Bichat distinguished 22 sorts of Tissues, a restricted selection of these composing the organs, the only visible components of the body, as seen by the early anatomists [4, 5]. The macromolecular constituents of the \u00ab tissue cellulaire \u00bb as called in the French texts started to be recognized first by histological procedures from the last decades of the XIX<sup>th\u00a0<\/sup>Century, followed by their isolation and characterization all through the XX<sup>th<\/sup>\u00a0Century. Even in the 1950ies, when we started our experiments at the Paris Medical Faculty, the number of these constituents remained restricted to 3, collagen, elastin and acid mucopolysaccharides. \u00ab Tissue cellulaire \u00bb was progressively replaced by \u00ab subtance fondamentale \u00bb (ground substance), followed by Connective Tissues and Extracellular Matrix.<\/p>\n<p>The phylogenetic origin of these tissues was also clarified dring the last Century. The \u00ab fibroblasts \u00bb appeared recognizably with Trichoplax adherens, a plaquozoan, close to but simpler than the sponges which exhibit several macromolecular components of connective tissues: collagens, fibronectin,with cell-matrix interactions [6, 7]. During the second half of the XX<sup>th<\/sup>\u00a0Century a large number of macromolecular constituents of the extracellular matrix were identified, belonging to four major clases, collagens, elastins, glycosaminoglycans &#8211; proteoglycans and structural or matrix glycoproteins. With the intense study of fibronectin started the ever increasing recognition of the dynamic nature of cell matrix interactions mediated by receptors, integrins, the elastin receptor and others. Progress in molecular genetics enables now teams specialized in this discipline to complete the description of connective tissues by the identification of sequential gene activation \u00ab programs \u00bb resulting in the fine tuning of macromolecular tissue composition and fonction. Started also during the last decades, the study at the molecular \u2013 genetic level of pathological modifications of connective tissues and more recently their age-related alterations [8], as seen for instance in malignant growth [9]. No doubt that in the coming decades, the molecular and genetic regulations of connective tissue structure and fonctions will continue to make progresses.. From an essentially medical science it became a \u00ab basic discipline \u00bb with however constant cross-talk between \u00ab basic \u00bb and medical scientists. In these respect, our Society, as also those of other countries will continue to play a crucial role by bringing together scientists of subspecialities as for instance the Meetings of the Gordon Conferences, or those of the Federation of European Connective Tissue Societies (FECTS), founded also in Paris in 1967, to exchange, discuss and refine emerging concepts. To finish I wish to thank my friends, colleagues and my close family, my wife Jacqueline and my brother Alexandre who helped so much to transform into a living reality my dreams which emerged during my stay at the Biochemical Deprtment and Eye Institute of Columbia University, New York City, in 1961. My gratitude goes also to my friend, Prof. Y. Pouliquen, President of the Singer Polignac Foundation who generously helped us to orrganize this celebration.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>1.Fox-Keller E. Refiguring Life \u2013 Metaphors of Twentieth-Century Biology . 1995. Columbia University Press<\/li>\n<li>2.de Bordeu A, de Bordeu T, de Bordeu F. Recherches sur les maladies chroniques. Tome I, Ruault, Paris 1775<\/li>\n<li>3.Labat-Robert J, Robert L, Pouliquen Y. 2011. Les tissus conjonctifs, de l\u2019origine du concept \u00e0 sa \u00ab mutation \u00bb en matrice extracellulaire. Application aux tissus oculaires. Contribution \u00e0 l\u2019histoire des sciences m\u00e9dicales. Pathol Biol. 59 : 183-186<\/li>\n<li>4.Bichat X. Trait\u00e9 des membranes. 1800. Imprimerie de Marchant, Paris<\/li>\n<li>5.Bichat X. Anatomie G\u00e9n\u00e9rale appliqu\u00e9e \u00e0 la physiologie et \u00e0 la M\u00e9decine 1801. Imprimerie de Marchant, Paris<\/li>\n<li>6.Garrone R. Phylogenesis of Connective Tissue. 1978. Frontiers of Matrix Biology, vol 5, Karger, Basel.<\/li>\n<li>7.Labat-Robert J et al. A fibronectin-like protein in porifera: its role in cell aggregation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sc. USA. 78 : 6261-6265<\/li>\n<li>8.Robert L, Labat-Robert J. 1991. Euro. J. Gerontol. 2 : 82-91<\/li>\n<li>9.Labat-Robert J, Robert L. 2007. The effect of cell-Matrix Interactions and Aging on the Malignant Process. 2007. Advances Cancer Res. 98 : 221-259<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div class=\"sharedaddy sd-sharing-enabled\"><div class=\"robots-nocontent sd-block sd-social sd-social-icon-text sd-sharing\"><h3 class=\"sd-title\">Partager :<\/h3><div class=\"sd-content\"><ul><li class=\"share-email\"><a rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\" data-shared=\"\" class=\"share-email sd-button share-icon\" href=\"https:\/\/www.sfbmec.fr\/?p=891&amp;share=email\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Cliquez pour envoyer par e-mail \u00e0 un ami\"><span>E-mail<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"share-twitter\"><a rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\" data-shared=\"sharing-twitter-891\" class=\"share-twitter sd-button share-icon\" href=\"https:\/\/www.sfbmec.fr\/?p=891&amp;share=twitter\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Cliquez pour partager sur Twitter\"><span>Twitter<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"share-facebook\"><a rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\" data-shared=\"sharing-facebook-891\" class=\"share-facebook sd-button share-icon\" href=\"https:\/\/www.sfbmec.fr\/?p=891&amp;share=facebook\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Cliquez pour partager sur Facebook\"><span>Facebook<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"share-linkedin\"><a rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\" data-shared=\"sharing-linkedin-891\" class=\"share-linkedin sd-button share-icon\" href=\"https:\/\/www.sfbmec.fr\/?p=891&amp;share=linkedin\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Cliquez pour partager sur LinkedIn\"><span>LinkedIn<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"share-end\"><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Ladislas Robert by SINGER-POLIGNAC Connective Tissues, phylogenetic considerations, origin of its concept, its progression from anatomy to cell and molecular biology Ladislas Robert The \u00ab tissue \u00bb concept was among the first important generalization &#8211; 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